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List: kstars-devel
Subject: Re: Optimal Exposure and Noise Calculator
From: Jasem Mutlaq <mutlaqja () ikarustech ! com>
Date: 2023-03-04 17:19:10
Message-ID: CAE0bU5k9Hc9UmCE-4-KJq2oW9fyydhQOqKcHsb1+r2y3Fwr+EA () mail ! gmail ! com
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Hello Joseph,
You can use QtCreator which is easier for UI Qt designs. But you can use
any IDE you feel comfortable with. Is the sensor gain to read noise ratio
something that can be measured from FITS Viewer by perhaps capturing a few
imagers with different gains + exposure values?
--
Best Regards,
Jasem Mutlaq
On Sat, Mar 4, 2023 at 8:01 PM joseph.mcgee@sbcglobal.net <
joseph.mcgee@sbcglobal.net> wrote:
> Thank you Jasem,
>
> I have not yet setup a dev environment for KStars; I normally use Eclipse,
> but I will install one of the recommended IDEs. For most of the last 20
> years of my career I was developing middle tier code, no recent user
> interface work. So I'll need to ramp back up on UI development. A few
> folks have offered to mentor me on integrating this into KStars. So I'll
> get rolling on this shortly.
>
> I did not realize that I could get SQM from Indi/Ekos, that solves a big
> concern for me!
>
> There is another dependency for the calculation. My code has a small
> reference table that relates the imaging sensor gain value to a sensor read
> noise value. I've only built one table so far; for my ZWO ASI-071. So I'll
> need to work on building tables for other cameras, (but it might be better
> if I built a curve-fitted functions for this because the tables limit the
> gain selection to specific values).
>
> Would you happen to have list of the most commonly used cameras?
>
>
>
> On 3/4/23 00:12, Jasem Mutlaq wrote:
>
> Hello Joseph,
>
> This would be an *outstanding* feature to add to KStars! Thank you for
> working on it. It would require an interface and also proper
> integration with the rest of KStars & INDI infrastructure, for example, the
> filters used..etc.
>
> Would this be better suited for FITS Viewer integration?
>
> SQM & F-Ratios can be retrieved from INDI/Ekos, we probably need to add a
> field for the filter band-pass in the equipment manager.
>
> Do you have a development environment ready as per the instructions in
> KStars Gitlab? https://invent.kde.org/education/kstars
>
> --
> Best Regards,
> Jasem Mutlaq
>
>
>
> On Fri, Mar 3, 2023 at 8:16 PM joseph.mcgee@sbcglobal.net <
> joseph.mcgee@sbcglobal.net> wrote:
>
>> Hi All,
>>
>> I'm a retired software developer (mostly Java, C, and some C++). I've
>> been using KStars on a Raspberry Pi (Ubuntu), since I got interested in AP,
>> (around 2020). Back in late 2021 I wrote an optimal exposure time
>> calculator (in Java), based on the work of Dr Glover. I just got to
>> thinking that it might be a nice addition to KStars, and today I found a
>> request for it:
>> https://indilib.org/forum/wish-list/5300-exposure-calulator.html?start=12
>>
>> My current code is pretty simple but has no user interface. It uses a
>> few classes for configuration, a table of sensor gain to read noise,
>> observation site location SQM value, optics F ratio data, and
>> (experimentally) a filter bandpass table. The code just iterates through
>> all the combinations of the inputs to output tab delimited data to the
>> console, that I copy into a spreadsheet.
>>
>> Keep in mind that the exposure time calculations are optimal (per Dr
>> Glover), but not necessarily practical. I've seen a slow optic, with a
>> filter, in very dark skies, produce a optimal sub exposure time
>> calculation that exceeded 3 hours.
>>
>> If this were integrated into KStars, we would obviously need to provide a
>> means for a user to input some of their own configuration information.
>>
>> Please let me know if you'd like to consider integrating this into
>> KStars, (I would need coaching/help if I were to take this on).
>>
>> Example output:
>>
>> I have my code configured for the read noise for my main imaging camera,
>> (a ZWO ASI-071 Color), SQM data for four observation sites. F ratios for
>> four optics, and bandpass info for two filters. And I'm using an allowable
>> noise increase of 5%.
>>
>> A small section of the output provides this information for a given site,
>> optic, and sensor gain selection:
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>> *Site Name:*
>>
>> Chuchupate
>>
>>
>> *Sky Quality:*
>>
>> 21.65
>>
>> magnitude per arc-second2
>>
>> *Light Pollution Base Rate:*
>>
>> 19.6
>>
>> e per second
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>> *Optic Name:*
>>
>> Esprit 100
>>
>>
>> *Light Pollution Rate:*
>>
>> 0.65
>>
>> e per second for f/5.5 optic
>>
>>
>>
>> *Camera Sensor Gain:*
>>
>> 50
>>
>> *Read Noise:*
>>
>> 2.78
>>
>>
>>
>> *Filter*
>>
>> *Optimal Sub-exposure (sec)*
>>
>> *Shot pollution electrons*
>>
>> *Exposure shot noise*
>>
>> *Exposure total noise*
>>
>> No Filter
>>
>> 349.1
>>
>> 226.2
>>
>> 15
>>
>> 15.3
>>
>> Optolong l-Pro
>>
>> 634.8
>>
>> 411.3
>>
>> 20.3
>>
>> 20.5
>>
>> Optolong l-Enhance
>>
>> 3174
>>
>> 2056.3
>>
>> 45.3
>>
>> 45.4
>>
>> And accumulated data for imaging sessions of 1 to 5 hours:
>>
>>
>>
>> *3,600.00 seconds*
>>
>> *7,200.00 seconds*
>>
>> *10,800.00 seconds*
>>
>> *14,400.00 seconds*
>>
>> *18,000.00 seconds*
>>
>> *Filter*
>>
>> *Exposure Count*
>>
>> *Stack Total Time*
>>
>> *Stack total noise*
>>
>> *Exposure Count*
>>
>> *Stack Total Time*
>>
>> *Stack total noise*
>>
>> *Exposure Count*
>>
>> *Stack Total Time*
>>
>> *Stack total noise*
>>
>> *Exposure Count*
>>
>> *Stack Total Time*
>>
>> *Stack total noise*
>>
>> *Exposure Count*
>>
>> *Stack Total Time*
>>
>> *Stack total noise*
>>
>> No Filter
>>
>> 10
>>
>> 3491.44
>>
>> 48.37
>>
>> 21
>>
>> 7332.03
>>
>> 70.09
>>
>> 31
>>
>> 10823.47
>>
>> 85.16
>>
>> 41
>>
>> 14314.92
>>
>> 97.93
>>
>> 52
>>
>> 18155.51
>>
>> 110.29
>>
>> Optolong l-Pro
>>
>> 6
>>
>> 3808.85
>>
>> 50.14
>>
>> 11
>>
>> 6982.89
>>
>> 67.89
>>
>> 17
>>
>> 10791.73
>>
>> 84.4
>>
>> 23
>>
>> 14600.58
>>
>> 98.17
>>
>> 28
>>
>> 17774.62
>>
>> 108.31
>>
>> Optolong l-Enhance
>>
>> 1
>>
>> 3174.04
>>
>> 45.43
>>
>> 2
>>
>> 6348.08
>>
>> 64.25
>>
>> 3
>>
>> 9522.12
>>
>> 78.69
>>
>> 5
>>
>> 15870.2
>>
>> 101.59
>>
>> 6
>>
>> 19044.24
>>
>> 111.29
>>
>>
>>
>>
[Attachment #3 (text/html)]
<div dir="ltr">Hello Joseph,<div><br></div><div>You can use QtCreator which is easier \
for UI Qt designs. But you can use any IDE you feel comfortable with. Is the sensor \
gain to read noise ratio something that can be measured from FITS Viewer by perhaps \
capturing a few imagers with different gains + exposure values?</div><div><br \
clear="all"><div><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_signature" \
data-smartmail="gmail_signature"><div dir="ltr"><div><div \
dir="ltr"><div>--</div><div>Best Regards,<br>Jasem \
Mutlaq<br></div><div><br></div></div></div></div></div></div><br></div></div><br><div \
class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Sat, Mar 4, 2023 at \
8:01 PM <a href="mailto:joseph.mcgee@sbcglobal.net">joseph.mcgee@sbcglobal.net</a> \
<<a href="mailto:joseph.mcgee@sbcglobal.net">joseph.mcgee@sbcglobal.net</a>> \
wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px \
0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">
<div>
<p>Thank you Jasem,</p>
<p>I have not yet setup a dev environment for KStars; I normally use
Eclipse, but I will install one of the recommended IDEs. For most
of the last 20 years of my career I was developing middle tier
code, no recent user interface work. So I'll need to ramp back up
on UI development. A few folks have offered to mentor me on
integrating this into KStars. So I'll get rolling on this
shortly.</p>
<p>I did not realize that I could get SQM from Indi/Ekos, that
solves a big concern for me!<br>
</p>
<p>There is another dependency for the calculation. My code has a
small reference table that relates the imaging sensor gain value
to a sensor read noise value. I've only built one table so far;
for my ZWO ASI-071. So I'll need to work on building tables for
other cameras, (but it might be better if I built a curve-fitted
functions for this because the tables limit the gain selection to
specific values). <br>
</p>
<p>Would you happen to have list of the most commonly used cameras?<br>
</p>
<p><br>
</p>
<p><br>
</p>
<div>On 3/4/23 00:12, Jasem Mutlaq wrote:<br>
</div>
<blockquote type="cite">
<div dir="ltr">Hello Joseph,
<div><br>
</div>
<div>This would be an *outstanding* feature to add to KStars!
Thank you for working on it. It would require an interface and
also proper integration with the rest of KStars & INDI
infrastructure, for example, the filters used..etc.</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>Would this be better suited for FITS Viewer integration? </div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>SQM & F-Ratios can be retrieved from INDI/Ekos, we
probably need to add a field for the filter band-pass in the
equipment manager.</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>Do you have a development environment ready as per the
instructions in KStars Gitlab? <a \
href="https://invent.kde.org/education/kstars" \
target="_blank">https://invent.kde.org/education/kstars</a></div> <div><br \
clear="all"> <div>
<div dir="ltr">
<div dir="ltr">
<div>
<div dir="ltr">
<div>--</div>
<div>Best Regards,<br>
Jasem Mutlaq<br>
</div>
<div><br>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<br>
</div>
</div>
<br>
<div class="gmail_quote">
<div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Fri, Mar 3, 2023 at 8:16 PM
<a href="mailto:joseph.mcgee@sbcglobal.net" \
target="_blank">joseph.mcgee@sbcglobal.net</a>
<<a href="mailto:joseph.mcgee@sbcglobal.net" \
target="_blank">joseph.mcgee@sbcglobal.net</a>> wrote:<br>
</div>
<blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px \
0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"> <div>
<p>Hi All,</p>
<p>I'm a retired software developer (mostly Java, C, and
some C++). I've been using KStars on a Raspberry Pi
(Ubuntu), since I got interested in AP, (around 2020).
Back in late 2021 I wrote an optimal exposure time
calculator (in Java), based on the work of Dr Glover. I
just got to thinking that it might be a nice addition to
KStars, and today I found a request for it:
<a href="https://indilib.org/forum/wish-list/5300-exposure-calulator.html?start=12" \
target="_blank">https://indilib.org/forum/wish-list/5300-exposure-calulator.html?start=12</a></p>
<p>My current code is pretty simple but has no user
interface. It uses a few classes for configuration, a
table of sensor gain to read noise, observation site
location SQM value, optics F ratio data, and
(experimentally) a filter bandpass table. The code just
iterates through all the combinations of the inputs to
output tab delimited data to the console, that I copy into
a spreadsheet.</p>
<p>Keep in mind that the exposure time calculations are
optimal (per Dr Glover), but not necessarily practical.
I've seen a slow optic, with a filter, in very dark
skies, produce a optimal sub exposure time calculation
that exceeded 3 hours.<br>
</p>
<p>If this were integrated into KStars, we would obviously
need to provide a means for a user to input some of their
own configuration information.<br>
</p>
<p>Please let me know if you'd like to consider integrating
this into KStars, (I would need coaching/help if I were to
take this on). <br>
</p>
<p>Example output:<br>
</p>
<p>I have my code configured for the read noise for my main
imaging camera, (a ZWO ASI-071 Color), SQM data for four
observation sites. F ratios for four optics, and bandpass
info for two filters. And I'm using an allowable noise
increase of 5%.<br>
</p>
<p>A small section of the output provides this information
for a given site, optic, and sensor gain selection:<br>
</p>
<p> </p>
<br>
<table width="635" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2">
<colgroup><col width="192"> <col width="140"> <col width="291"> \
</colgroup><tbody> <tr valign="bottom">
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="192" height="13">
<p align="left"> <br>
</p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="140">
<p align="left"><br>
</p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="291">
<p align="left"><br>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="bottom">
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="192" height="13">
<p align="left"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1"><b>Site Name:</b></font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="140">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1">Chuchupate</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="291">
<p align="left"><br>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="bottom">
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="192" height="13">
<p align="left"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1"><b>Sky Quality:</b></font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="140">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1">21.65</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="291">
<p align="left"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1">magnitude per arc-second2</font></font></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="bottom">
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="192" height="13">
<p align="left"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1"><b>Light Pollution Base Rate:</b></font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="140">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1">19.6</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="291">
<p align="left"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1">e per second</font></font></p> </td>
</tr>
<tr valign="bottom">
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="192" height="13">
<p align="left"> <br>
</p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="140">
<p align="left"><br>
</p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="291">
<p align="left"><br>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="line-height:100%;margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<br>
<table width="631" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2">
<colgroup><col width="190"> <col width="197"> <col width="232"> \
</colgroup><tbody> <tr valign="bottom">
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="190" height="13">
<p align="left"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1"><b>Optic Name:</b></font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="197">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1">Esprit 100</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="232">
<p align="left"><br>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="bottom">
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="190" height="13">
<p align="left"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1"><b>Light Pollution Rate:</b></font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="197">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1">0.65</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="232">
<p align="left"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1">e per second for f/5.5 optic</font></font></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="line-height:100%;margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<br>
<table width="438" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2">
<colgroup><col width="199"> <col width="232"> </colgroup><tbody>
<tr valign="bottom">
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="199" height="13">
<p align="left"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1"><b>Camera Sensor Gain:</b></font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="232">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1">50</font></font></p> </td>
</tr>
<tr valign="bottom">
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="199" height="13">
<p align="left"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1"><b>Read Noise:</b></font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="232">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1">2.78</font></font></p> </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="line-height:100%;margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<br>
<table width="986" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2">
<colgroup><col width="234"> <col width="213"> <col width="184"> <col \
width="165"> <col width="170"> </colgroup><tbody> <tr valign="bottom">
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="234" height="13">
<p align="left"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1"><b>Filter</b></font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="213">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1"><b>Optimal Sub-exposure (sec)</b></font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="184">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1"><b>Shot pollution electrons</b></font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="165">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1"><b>Exposure shot noise</b></font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="170">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1"><b>Exposure total noise</b></font></font></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="bottom">
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="234" height="13">
<p align="left"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1">No Filter</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="213">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1">349.1</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="184">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1">226.2</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="165">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1">15</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="170">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1">15.3</font></font></p> </td>
</tr>
<tr valign="bottom">
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="234" height="13">
<p align="left"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1">Optolong l-Pro</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="213">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1">634.8</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="184">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1">411.3</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="165">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1">20.3</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="170">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1">20.5</font></font></p> </td>
</tr>
<tr valign="bottom">
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="234" height="13">
<p align="left"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1">Optolong l-Enhance</font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="213">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1">3174</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="184">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1">2056.3</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="165">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1">45.3</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="170">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1">45.4</font></font></p> </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<br>
<p style="line-height:100%;margin-bottom:0in"><font face="Andale \
Mono"><font style="font-size:8pt" size="1">And
accumulated data for imaging sessions of 1 to 5 \
hours:</font></font></p> <p style="line-height:100%;margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<table width="2107" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2">
<colgroup><col width="139"> <col width="123"> <col width="123"> <col \
width="130"> <col width="123"> <col width="123"> <col width="130"> <col width="130"> \
<col width="123"> <col width="130"> <col width="130"> <col width="123"> <col \
width="130"> <col width="130"> <col width="123"> <col width="130"> </colgroup><tbody> \
<tr>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="139" valign="bottom" \
height="13"> <p align="center"> <br>
</p>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border:none;padding:0in" width="384">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1"><b>3,600.00 seconds</b></font></font></p>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border:none;padding:0in" width="384">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1"><b>7,200.00 seconds</b></font></font></p>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border:none;padding:0in" width="392">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1"><b>10,800.00 seconds</b></font></font></p>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border:none;padding:0in" width="391">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1"><b>14,400.00 seconds</b></font></font></p>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border:none;padding:0in" width="392">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1"><b>18,000.00 seconds</b></font></font></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="bottom">
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="139" height="13">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1"><b>Filter</b></font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="123">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1"><b>Exposure Count</b></font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="123">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1"><b>Stack Total Time</b></font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="130">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1"><b>Stack total noise</b></font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="123">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1"><b>Exposure Count</b></font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="123">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1"><b>Stack Total Time</b></font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="130">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1"><b>Stack total noise</b></font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="130">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1"><b>Exposure Count</b></font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="123">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1"><b>Stack Total Time</b></font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="130">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1"><b>Stack total noise</b></font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="130">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1"><b>Exposure Count</b></font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="123">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1"><b>Stack Total Time</b></font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="130">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1"><b>Stack total noise</b></font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="130">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1"><b>Exposure Count</b></font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="123">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1"><b>Stack Total Time</b></font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="130">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1"><b>Stack total noise</b></font></font></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="bottom">
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="139" height="13">
<p align="left"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1">No Filter</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="123">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1">10</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="123">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1">3491.44</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="130">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1">48.37</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="123">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1">21</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="123">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1">7332.03</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="130">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1">70.09</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="130">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1">31</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="123">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1">10823.47</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="130">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1">85.16</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="130">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1">41</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="123">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1">14314.92</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="130">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1">97.93</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="130">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1">52</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="123">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1">18155.51</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="130">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1">110.29</font></font></p> </td>
</tr>
<tr valign="bottom">
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="139" height="13">
<p align="left"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1">Optolong l-Pro</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="123">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1">6</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="123">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1">3808.85</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="130">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1">50.14</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="123">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1">11</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="123">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1">6982.89</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="130">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1">67.89</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="130">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1">17</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="123">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1">10791.73</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="130">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1">84.4</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="130">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1">23</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="123">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1">14600.58</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="130">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1">98.17</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="130">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1">28</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="123">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1">17774.62</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="130">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1">108.31</font></font></p> </td>
</tr>
<tr valign="bottom">
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="139" height="13">
<p align="left"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1">Optolong l-Enhance</font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="123">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1">1</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="123">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1">3174.04</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="130">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1">45.43</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="123">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1">2</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="123">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1">6348.08</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="130">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1">64.25</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="130">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1">3</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="123">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1">9522.12</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="130">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1">78.69</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="130">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1">5</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="123">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1">15870.2</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="130">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1">101.59</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="130">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1">6</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="123">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1">19044.24</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="130">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono"><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1">111.29</font></font></p> </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="line-height:100%;margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="line-height:100%;margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="line-height:100%;margin-bottom:0in"> </p>
</div>
</blockquote>
</div>
</blockquote>
</div>
</blockquote></div>
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