[prev in list] [next in list] [prev in thread] [next in thread]
List: kstars-devel
Subject: Re: Optimal Exposure and Noise Calculator
From: Wolfgang Reissenberger <sterne-jaeger () openfuture ! de>
Date: 2023-03-04 17:33:53
Message-ID: CD06F688-42A1-4926-A6AF-2508D38C187C () openfuture ! de
[Download RAW message or body]
Joseph,
Welcome to the club! Just an idea: isn't this exposure calculator some kind of wizard \
for the exposure value on the Capture tab? It could be a simple button right of the \
exposure field opening a dialog for all the configuration stuff.
If you are familiar with Eclipse, the QtCreator isn't that difficult to understand. \
If you need support for setup, happy to help.
Cheers
Wolfgang
—
Wolfgang Reissenberger
www.sterne-jaeger.de
TSA-120 + FSQ-85 + epsilon-160 | Avalon Linear + M-zero | ASI 1600mm pro + 6200mm pro
> Am 04.03.2023 um 18:19 schrieb Jasem Mutlaq <mutlaqja@ikarustech.com>:
>
> Hello Joseph,
>
> You can use QtCreator which is easier for UI Qt designs. But you can use any IDE \
> you feel comfortable with. Is the sensor gain to read noise ratio something that \
> can be measured from FITS Viewer by perhaps capturing a few imagers with different \
> gains + exposure values?
> --
> Best Regards,
> Jasem Mutlaq
>
>
>
> On Sat, Mar 4, 2023 at 8:01 PM joseph.mcgee@sbcglobal.net \
> <mailto:joseph.mcgee@sbcglobal.net> <joseph.mcgee@sbcglobal.net \
> <mailto:joseph.mcgee@sbcglobal.net>> wrote: Thank you Jasem,
>
> I have not yet setup a dev environment for KStars; I normally use Eclipse, but I \
> will install one of the recommended IDEs. For most of the last 20 years of my \
> career I was developing middle tier code, no recent user interface work. So I'll \
> need to ramp back up on UI development. A few folks have offered to mentor me on \
> integrating this into KStars. So I'll get rolling on this shortly.
> I did not realize that I could get SQM from Indi/Ekos, that solves a big concern \
> for me!
> There is another dependency for the calculation. My code has a small reference \
> table that relates the imaging sensor gain value to a sensor read noise value. I've \
> only built one table so far; for my ZWO ASI-071. So I'll need to work on building \
> tables for other cameras, (but it might be better if I built a curve-fitted \
> functions for this because the tables limit the gain selection to specific values). \
>
> Would you happen to have list of the most commonly used cameras?
>
>
>
>
>
> On 3/4/23 00:12, Jasem Mutlaq wrote:
> > Hello Joseph,
> >
> > This would be an *outstanding* feature to add to KStars! Thank you for working on \
> > it. It would require an interface and also proper integration with the rest of \
> > KStars & INDI infrastructure, for example, the filters used..etc.
> > Would this be better suited for FITS Viewer integration?
> >
> > SQM & F-Ratios can be retrieved from INDI/Ekos, we probably need to add a field \
> > for the filter band-pass in the equipment manager.
> > Do you have a development environment ready as per the instructions in KStars \
> > Gitlab? https://invent.kde.org/education/kstars \
> > <https://invent.kde.org/education/kstars>
> > --
> > Best Regards,
> > Jasem Mutlaq
> >
> >
> >
> > On Fri, Mar 3, 2023 at 8:16 PM joseph.mcgee@sbcglobal.net \
> > <mailto:joseph.mcgee@sbcglobal.net> <joseph.mcgee@sbcglobal.net \
> > <mailto:joseph.mcgee@sbcglobal.net>> wrote: Hi All,
> >
> > I'm a retired software developer (mostly Java, C, and some C++). I've been using \
> > KStars on a Raspberry Pi (Ubuntu), since I got interested in AP, (around 2020). \
> > Back in late 2021 I wrote an optimal exposure time calculator (in Java), based on \
> > the work of Dr Glover. I just got to thinking that it might be a nice addition \
> > to KStars, and today I found a request for it: \
> > https://indilib.org/forum/wish-list/5300-exposure-calulator.html?start=12 \
> > <https://indilib.org/forum/wish-list/5300-exposure-calulator.html?start=12> My \
> > current code is pretty simple but has no user interface. It uses a few classes \
> > for configuration, a table of sensor gain to read noise, observation site \
> > location SQM value, optics F ratio data, and (experimentally) a filter bandpass \
> > table. The code just iterates through all the combinations of the inputs to \
> > output tab delimited data to the console, that I copy into a spreadsheet.
> > Keep in mind that the exposure time calculations are optimal (per Dr Glover), but \
> > not necessarily practical. I've seen a slow optic, with a filter, in very dark \
> > skies, produce a optimal sub exposure time calculation that exceeded 3 hours.
> > If this were integrated into KStars, we would obviously need to provide a means \
> > for a user to input some of their own configuration information.
> > Please let me know if you'd like to consider integrating this into KStars, (I \
> > would need coaching/help if I were to take this on).
> > Example output:
> >
> > I have my code configured for the read noise for my main imaging camera, (a ZWO \
> > ASI-071 Color), SQM data for four observation sites. F ratios for four optics, \
> > and bandpass info for two filters. And I'm using an allowable noise increase of \
> > 5%.
> > A small section of the output provides this information for a given site, optic, \
> > and sensor gain selection:
> >
> >
> >
> >
> >
> >
> >
> >
> > Site Name:
> >
> > Chuchupate
> >
> >
> >
> > Sky Quality:
> >
> > 21.65
> >
> > magnitude per arc-second2
> >
> > Light Pollution Base Rate:
> >
> > 19.6
> >
> > e per second
> >
> >
> >
> >
> >
> >
> >
> >
> >
> > Optic Name:
> >
> > Esprit 100
> >
> >
> >
> > Light Pollution Rate:
> >
> > 0.65
> >
> > e per second for f/5.5 optic
> >
> >
> >
> > Camera Sensor Gain:
> >
> > 50
> >
> > Read Noise:
> >
> > 2.78
> >
> >
> >
> > Filter
> >
> > Optimal Sub-exposure (sec)
> >
> > Shot pollution electrons
> >
> > Exposure shot noise
> >
> > Exposure total noise
> >
> > No Filter
> >
> > 349.1
> >
> > 226.2
> >
> > 15
> >
> > 15.3
> >
> > Optolong l-Pro
> >
> > 634.8
> >
> > 411.3
> >
> > 20.3
> >
> > 20.5
> >
> > Optolong l-Enhance
> >
> > 3174
> >
> > 2056.3
> >
> > 45.3
> >
> > 45.4
> >
> >
> > And accumulated data for imaging sessions of 1 to 5 hours:
> >
> >
> >
> > 3,600.00 seconds
> >
> > 7,200.00 seconds
> >
> > 10,800.00 seconds
> >
> > 14,400.00 seconds
> >
> > 18,000.00 seconds
> >
> > Filter
> >
> > Exposure Count
> >
> > Stack Total Time
> >
> > Stack total noise
> >
> > Exposure Count
> >
> > Stack Total Time
> >
> > Stack total noise
> >
> > Exposure Count
> >
> > Stack Total Time
> >
> > Stack total noise
> >
> > Exposure Count
> >
> > Stack Total Time
> >
> > Stack total noise
> >
> > Exposure Count
> >
> > Stack Total Time
> >
> > Stack total noise
> >
> > No Filter
> >
> > 10
> >
> > 3491.44
> >
> > 48.37
> >
> > 21
> >
> > 7332.03
> >
> > 70.09
> >
> > 31
> >
> > 10823.47
> >
> > 85.16
> >
> > 41
> >
> > 14314.92
> >
> > 97.93
> >
> > 52
> >
> > 18155.51
> >
> > 110.29
> >
> > Optolong l-Pro
> >
> > 6
> >
> > 3808.85
> >
> > 50.14
> >
> > 11
> >
> > 6982.89
> >
> > 67.89
> >
> > 17
> >
> > 10791.73
> >
> > 84.4
> >
> > 23
> >
> > 14600.58
> >
> > 98.17
> >
> > 28
> >
> > 17774.62
> >
> > 108.31
> >
> > Optolong l-Enhance
> >
> > 1
> >
> > 3174.04
> >
> > 45.43
> >
> > 2
> >
> > 6348.08
> >
> > 64.25
> >
> > 3
> >
> > 9522.12
> >
> > 78.69
> >
> > 5
> >
> > 15870.2
> >
> > 101.59
> >
> > 6
> >
> > 19044.24
> >
> > 111.29
> >
> >
> >
> >
[Attachment #3 (unknown)]
<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; \
charset=utf-8"></head><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; \
line-break: after-white-space;" class="">Joseph,<div class="">Welcome to the club! \
Just an idea: isn't this exposure calculator some kind of wizard for the exposure \
value on the Capture tab? It could be a simple button right of the exposure field \
opening a dialog for all the configuration stuff.</div><div class=""><br \
class=""></div><div class="">If you are familiar with Eclipse, the QtCreator isn't \
that difficult to understand. If you need support for setup, happy to help.</div><div \
class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">Cheers</div><div \
class="">Wolfgang</div><div class=""><div class=""> <meta charset="UTF-8" \
class=""><div dir="auto" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); \
letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; \
white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; \
text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: \
after-white-space;" class=""><div dir="auto" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: \
rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; \
text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; \
-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word; \
-webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div dir="auto" \
style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; \
text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; \
word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: \
break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div \
dir="auto" style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: \
after-white-space;" class=""><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, \
0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: \
normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: \
0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; \
-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;">—</div><div \
style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; \
font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; \
letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; \
white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; \
text-decoration: none;">Wolfgang Reissenberger<br class=""><br class=""></div><div \
style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; \
font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; \
letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; \
white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; \
text-decoration: none;"><a href="http://www.sterne-jaeger.de" \
class="">www.sterne-jaeger.de</a><br class="">TSA-120 + FSQ-85 + epsilon-160 | Avalon \
Linear + M-zero | ASI 1600mm pro + 6200mm pro</div></div></div></div></div> </div>
<div><br class=""><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div class="">Am 04.03.2023 um \
18:19 schrieb Jasem Mutlaq <<a href="mailto:mutlaqja@ikarustech.com" \
class="">mutlaqja@ikarustech.com</a>>:</div><br \
class="Apple-interchange-newline"><div class=""><div dir="ltr" class="">Hello \
Joseph,<div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">You can use QtCreator which is \
easier for UI Qt designs. But you can use any IDE you feel comfortable with. Is the \
sensor gain to read noise ratio something that can be measured from FITS Viewer by \
perhaps capturing a few imagers with different gains + exposure \
values?</div><div class=""><br clear="all" class=""><div class=""><div dir="ltr" \
class="gmail_signature" data-smartmail="gmail_signature"><div dir="ltr" class=""><div \
class=""><div dir="ltr" class=""><div class="">--</div><div class="">Best Regards,<br \
class="">Jasem Mutlaq<br class=""></div><div class=""><br \
class=""></div></div></div></div></div></div><br class=""></div></div><br \
class=""><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Sat, Mar 4, \
2023 at 8:01 PM <a href="mailto:joseph.mcgee@sbcglobal.net" \
class="">joseph.mcgee@sbcglobal.net</a> <<a \
href="mailto:joseph.mcgee@sbcglobal.net" class="">joseph.mcgee@sbcglobal.net</a>> \
wrote:<br class=""></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px \
0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">
<div class=""><p class="">Thank you Jasem,</p><p class="">I have not yet setup a \
dev environment for KStars; I normally use Eclipse, but I will install one of the \
recommended IDEs. For most of the last 20 years of my career I was developing middle \
tier code, no recent user interface work. So I'll need to ramp back up
on UI development. A few folks have offered to mentor me on
integrating this into KStars. So I'll get rolling on this
shortly.</p><p class="">I did not realize that I could get SQM from Indi/Ekos, \
that solves a big concern for me!<br class="">
</p><p class="">There is another dependency for the calculation. My code has a
small reference table that relates the imaging sensor gain value
to a sensor read noise value. I've only built one table so far;
for my ZWO ASI-071. So I'll need to work on building tables for
other cameras, (but it might be better if I built a curve-fitted
functions for this because the tables limit the gain selection to
specific values). <br class="">
</p><p class="">Would you happen to have list of the most commonly used \
cameras?<br class=""> </p><p class=""><br class="">
</p><p class=""><br class="">
</p>
<div class="">On 3/4/23 00:12, Jasem Mutlaq wrote:<br class="">
</div>
<blockquote type="cite" class="">
<div dir="ltr" class="">Hello Joseph,
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">This would be an *outstanding* feature to add to KStars!
Thank you for working on it. It would require an interface and
also proper integration with the rest of KStars & INDI
infrastructure, for example, the filters used..etc.</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">Would this be better suited for FITS Viewer \
integration? </div> <div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">SQM & F-Ratios can be retrieved from INDI/Ekos, we
probably need to add a field for the filter band-pass in the
equipment manager.</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">Do you have a development environment ready as per the
instructions in KStars Gitlab? <a \
href="https://invent.kde.org/education/kstars" target="_blank" \
class="">https://invent.kde.org/education/kstars</a></div> <div class=""><br \
clear="all" class=""> <div class="">
<div dir="ltr" class="">
<div dir="ltr" class="">
<div class="">
<div dir="ltr" class="">
<div class="">--</div>
<div class="">Best Regards,<br class="">
Jasem Mutlaq<br class="">
</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<br class="">
</div>
</div>
<br class="">
<div class="gmail_quote">
<div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Fri, Mar 3, 2023 at 8:16 PM
<a href="mailto:joseph.mcgee@sbcglobal.net" target="_blank" \
class="">joseph.mcgee@sbcglobal.net</a>
<<a href="mailto:joseph.mcgee@sbcglobal.net" target="_blank" \
class="">joseph.mcgee@sbcglobal.net</a>> wrote:<br class="">
</div>
<blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px \
0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">
<div class=""><p class="">Hi All,</p><p class="">I'm a retired software \
developer (mostly Java, C, and some C++). I've been using KStars on a \
Raspberry Pi (Ubuntu), since I got interested in AP, (around 2020).
Back in late 2021 I wrote an optimal exposure time
calculator (in Java), based on the work of Dr Glover. I
just got to thinking that it might be a nice addition to
KStars, and today I found a request for it:
<a href="https://indilib.org/forum/wish-list/5300-exposure-calulator.html?start=12" \
target="_blank" class="">https://indilib.org/forum/wish-list/5300-exposure-calulator.html?start=12</a></p><p \
class="">My current code is pretty simple but has no user interface. It uses a \
few classes for configuration, a table of sensor gain to read noise, observation \
site location SQM value, optics F ratio data, and
(experimentally) a filter bandpass table. The code just
iterates through all the combinations of the inputs to
output tab delimited data to the console, that I copy into
a spreadsheet.</p><p class="">Keep in mind that the exposure time \
calculations are
optimal (per Dr Glover), but not necessarily practical.
I've seen a slow optic, with a filter, in very dark
skies, produce a optimal sub exposure time calculation
that exceeded 3 hours.<br class="">
</p><p class="">If this were integrated into KStars, we would obviously
need to provide a means for a user to input some of their
own configuration information.<br class="">
</p><p class="">Please let me know if you'd like to consider integrating
this into KStars, (I would need coaching/help if I were to
take this on). <br class="">
</p><p class="">Example output:<br class="">
</p><p class="">I have my code configured for the read noise for my main
imaging camera, (a ZWO ASI-071 Color), SQM data for four
observation sites. F ratios for four optics, and bandpass
info for two filters. And I'm using an allowable noise
increase of 5%.<br class="">
</p><p class="">A small section of the output provides this information
for a given site, optic, and sensor gain selection:<br class="">
</p><div class=""> <br class="webkit-block-placeholder"></div>
<br class="">
<table width="635" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" class="">
<colgroup class=""><col width="192" class=""> <col width="140" \
class=""> <col width="291" class=""> </colgroup><tbody class=""> <tr valign="bottom" \
class="">
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="192" height="13" \
class=""><p align="left" class=""> <br class=""> </p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="140" class=""><p \
align="left" class=""><br class=""> </p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="291" class=""><p \
align="left" class=""><br class=""> </p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="bottom" class="">
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="192" height="13" \
class=""><p align="left" class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1" class=""><b class="">Site Name:</b></font></font></p> \
</td> <td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="140" class=""><p align="center" \
class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font style="font-size:8pt" size="1" \
class="">Chuchupate</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="291" class=""><p \
align="left" class=""><br class=""> </p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="bottom" class="">
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="192" height="13" \
class=""><p align="left" class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1" class=""><b class="">Sky \
Quality:</b></font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="140" class=""><p \
align="center" class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1" class="">21.65</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="291" class=""><p \
align="left" class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font style="font-size:8pt" \
size="1" class="">magnitude per arc-second2</font></font></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="bottom" class="">
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="192" height="13" \
class=""><p align="left" class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1" class=""><b class="">Light Pollution Base \
Rate:</b></font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="140" class=""><p \
align="center" class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1" class="">19.6</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="291" class=""><p \
align="left" class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font style="font-size:8pt" \
size="1" class="">e per second</font></font></p> </td>
</tr>
<tr valign="bottom" class="">
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="192" height="13" \
class=""><p align="left" class=""> <br class=""> </p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="140" class=""><p \
align="left" class=""><br class=""> </p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="291" class=""><p \
align="left" class=""><br class=""> </p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table><p style="line-height:100%;margin-bottom:0in" class=""><br \
class=""> </p>
<br class="">
<table width="631" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" class="">
<colgroup class=""><col width="190" class=""> <col width="197" \
class=""> <col width="232" class=""> </colgroup><tbody class=""> <tr valign="bottom" \
class=""> <td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="190" height="13" class=""><p \
align="left" class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font style="font-size:8pt" \
size="1" class=""><b class="">Optic Name:</b></font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="197" class=""><p \
align="center" class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1" class="">Esprit 100</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="232" class=""><p \
align="left" class=""><br class=""> </p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="bottom" class="">
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="190" height="13" \
class=""><p align="left" class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1" class=""><b class="">Light Pollution \
Rate:</b></font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="197" class=""><p \
align="center" class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1" class="">0.65</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="232" class=""><p \
align="left" class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font style="font-size:8pt" \
size="1" class="">e per second for f/5.5 optic</font></font></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table><p style="line-height:100%;margin-bottom:0in" class=""><br \
class=""> </p>
<br class="">
<table width="438" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" class="">
<colgroup class=""><col width="199" class=""> <col width="232" \
class=""> </colgroup><tbody class=""> <tr valign="bottom" class="">
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="199" height="13" \
class=""><p align="left" class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1" class=""><b class="">Camera Sensor \
Gain:</b></font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="232" class=""><p \
align="center" class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1" class="">50</font></font></p> </td>
</tr>
<tr valign="bottom" class="">
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="199" height="13" \
class=""><p align="left" class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1" class=""><b class="">Read Noise:</b></font></font></p> \
</td> <td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="232" class=""><p align="center" \
class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font style="font-size:8pt" size="1" \
class="">2.78</font></font></p> </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table><p style="line-height:100%;margin-bottom:0in" class=""><br \
class=""> </p>
<br class="">
<table width="986" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" class="">
<colgroup class=""><col width="234" class=""> <col width="213" \
class=""> <col width="184" class=""> <col width="165" class=""> <col width="170" \
class=""> </colgroup><tbody class=""> <tr valign="bottom" class="">
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="234" height="13" \
class=""><p align="left" class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1" class=""><b class="">Filter</b></font></font></p> \
</td> <td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="213" class=""><p align="center" \
class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font style="font-size:8pt" size="1" \
class=""><b class="">Optimal Sub-exposure (sec)</b></font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="184" class=""><p \
align="center" class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1" class=""><b class="">Shot pollution \
electrons</b></font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="165" class=""><p \
align="center" class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1" class=""><b class="">Exposure shot \
noise</b></font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="170" class=""><p \
align="center" class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1" class=""><b class="">Exposure total \
noise</b></font></font></p> </td>
</tr>
<tr valign="bottom" class="">
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="234" height="13" \
class=""><p align="left" class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1" class="">No Filter</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="213" class=""><p \
align="center" class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1" class="">349.1</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="184" class=""><p \
align="center" class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1" class="">226.2</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="165" class=""><p \
align="center" class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1" class="">15</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="170" class=""><p \
align="center" class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1" class="">15.3</font></font></p> </td>
</tr>
<tr valign="bottom" class="">
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="234" height="13" \
class=""><p align="left" class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1" class="">Optolong l-Pro</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="213" class=""><p \
align="center" class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1" class="">634.8</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="184" class=""><p \
align="center" class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1" class="">411.3</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="165" class=""><p \
align="center" class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1" class="">20.3</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="170" class=""><p \
align="center" class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1" class="">20.5</font></font></p> </td>
</tr>
<tr valign="bottom" class="">
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="234" height="13" \
class=""><p align="left" class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1" class="">Optolong l-Enhance</font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="213" class=""><p \
align="center" class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1" class="">3174</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="184" class=""><p \
align="center" class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1" class="">2056.3</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="165" class=""><p \
align="center" class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1" class="">45.3</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="170" class=""><p \
align="center" class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1" class="">45.4</font></font></p> </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<br class=""><p style="line-height:100%;margin-bottom:0in" class=""><font \
face="Andale Mono" class=""><font style="font-size:8pt" size="1" \
class="">And
accumulated data for imaging sessions of 1 to 5 \
hours:</font></font></p><p style="line-height:100%;margin-bottom:0in" class=""><br \
class=""> </p>
<table width="2107" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" class="">
<colgroup class=""><col width="139" class=""> <col width="123" \
class=""> <col width="123" class=""> <col width="130" class=""> <col width="123" \
class=""> <col width="123" class=""> <col width="130" class=""> <col width="130" \
class=""> <col width="123" class=""> <col width="130" class=""> <col width="130" \
class=""> <col width="123" class=""> <col width="130" class=""> <col width="130" \
class=""> <col width="123" class=""> <col width="130" class=""> </colgroup><tbody \
class=""> <tr class="">
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="139" valign="bottom" \
height="13" class=""><p align="center" class=""> <br class=""> </p>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border:none;padding:0in" width="384" \
class=""><p align="center" class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1" class=""><b class="">3,600.00 \
seconds</b></font></font></p> </td>
<td colspan="3" style="border:none;padding:0in" width="384" \
class=""><p align="center" class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1" class=""><b class="">7,200.00 \
seconds</b></font></font></p> </td>
<td colspan="3" style="border:none;padding:0in" width="392" \
class=""><p align="center" class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1" class=""><b class="">10,800.00 \
seconds</b></font></font></p> </td>
<td colspan="3" style="border:none;padding:0in" width="391" \
class=""><p align="center" class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1" class=""><b class="">14,400.00 \
seconds</b></font></font></p> </td>
<td colspan="3" style="border:none;padding:0in" width="392" \
class=""><p align="center" class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1" class=""><b class="">18,000.00 \
seconds</b></font></font></p> </td>
</tr>
<tr valign="bottom" class="">
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="139" height="13" \
class=""><p align="center" class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1" class=""><b class="">Filter</b></font></font></p> \
</td> <td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="123" class=""><p align="center" \
class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font style="font-size:8pt" size="1" \
class=""><b class="">Exposure Count</b></font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="123" class=""><p \
align="center" class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1" class=""><b class="">Stack Total \
Time</b></font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="130" class=""><p \
align="center" class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1" class=""><b class="">Stack total \
noise</b></font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="123" class=""><p \
align="center" class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1" class=""><b class="">Exposure \
Count</b></font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="123" class=""><p \
align="center" class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1" class=""><b class="">Stack Total \
Time</b></font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="130" class=""><p \
align="center" class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1" class=""><b class="">Stack total \
noise</b></font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="130" class=""><p \
align="center" class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1" class=""><b class="">Exposure \
Count</b></font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="123" class=""><p \
align="center" class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1" class=""><b class="">Stack Total \
Time</b></font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="130" class=""><p \
align="center" class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1" class=""><b class="">Stack total \
noise</b></font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="130" class=""><p \
align="center" class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1" class=""><b class="">Exposure \
Count</b></font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="123" class=""><p \
align="center" class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1" class=""><b class="">Stack Total \
Time</b></font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="130" class=""><p \
align="center" class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1" class=""><b class="">Stack total \
noise</b></font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="130" class=""><p \
align="center" class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1" class=""><b class="">Exposure \
Count</b></font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="123" class=""><p \
align="center" class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1" class=""><b class="">Stack Total \
Time</b></font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="130" class=""><p \
align="center" class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1" class=""><b class="">Stack total \
noise</b></font></font></p> </td>
</tr>
<tr valign="bottom" class="">
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="139" height="13" \
class=""><p align="left" class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1" class="">No Filter</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="123" class=""><p \
align="center" class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1" class="">10</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="123" class=""><p \
align="center" class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1" class="">3491.44</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="130" class=""><p \
align="center" class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1" class="">48.37</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="123" class=""><p \
align="center" class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1" class="">21</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="123" class=""><p \
align="center" class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1" class="">7332.03</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="130" class=""><p \
align="center" class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1" class="">70.09</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="130" class=""><p \
align="center" class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1" class="">31</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="123" class=""><p \
align="center" class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1" class="">10823.47</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="130" class=""><p \
align="center" class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1" class="">85.16</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="130" class=""><p \
align="center" class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1" class="">41</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="123" class=""><p \
align="center" class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1" class="">14314.92</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="130" class=""><p \
align="center" class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1" class="">97.93</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="130" class=""><p \
align="center" class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1" class="">52</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="123" class=""><p \
align="center" class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1" class="">18155.51</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="130" class=""><p \
align="center" class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1" class="">110.29</font></font></p> </td>
</tr>
<tr valign="bottom" class="">
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="139" height="13" \
class=""><p align="left" class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1" class="">Optolong l-Pro</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="123" class=""><p \
align="center" class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1" class="">6</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="123" class=""><p \
align="center" class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1" class="">3808.85</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="130" class=""><p \
align="center" class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1" class="">50.14</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="123" class=""><p \
align="center" class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1" class="">11</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="123" class=""><p \
align="center" class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1" class="">6982.89</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="130" class=""><p \
align="center" class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1" class="">67.89</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="130" class=""><p \
align="center" class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1" class="">17</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="123" class=""><p \
align="center" class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1" class="">10791.73</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="130" class=""><p \
align="center" class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1" class="">84.4</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="130" class=""><p \
align="center" class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1" class="">23</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="123" class=""><p \
align="center" class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1" class="">14600.58</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="130" class=""><p \
align="center" class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1" class="">98.17</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="130" class=""><p \
align="center" class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1" class="">28</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="123" class=""><p \
align="center" class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1" class="">17774.62</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="130" class=""><p \
align="center" class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1" class="">108.31</font></font></p> </td>
</tr>
<tr valign="bottom" class="">
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="139" height="13" \
class=""><p align="left" class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1" class="">Optolong l-Enhance</font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="123" class=""><p \
align="center" class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1" class="">1</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="123" class=""><p \
align="center" class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1" class="">3174.04</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="130" class=""><p \
align="center" class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1" class="">45.43</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="123" class=""><p \
align="center" class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1" class="">2</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="123" class=""><p \
align="center" class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1" class="">6348.08</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="130" class=""><p \
align="center" class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1" class="">64.25</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="130" class=""><p \
align="center" class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1" class="">3</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="123" class=""><p \
align="center" class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1" class="">9522.12</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="130" class=""><p \
align="center" class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1" class="">78.69</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="130" class=""><p \
align="center" class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1" class="">5</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="123" class=""><p \
align="center" class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1" class="">15870.2</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="130" class=""><p \
align="center" class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1" class="">101.59</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="130" class=""><p \
align="center" class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1" class="">6</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="123" class=""><p \
align="center" class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1" class="">19044.24</font></font></p> </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="130" class=""><p \
align="center" class=""> <font face="Andale Mono" class=""><font \
style="font-size:8pt" size="1" class="">111.29</font></font></p> </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table><p style="line-height:100%;margin-bottom:0in" class=""><br \
class="">
</p><p style="line-height:100%;margin-bottom:0in" class=""><br class="">
</p><div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;" class=""> <br \
class="webkit-block-placeholder"></div> </div>
</blockquote>
</div>
</blockquote>
</div>
</blockquote></div>
</div></blockquote></div><br class=""></div></body></html>
[prev in list] [next in list] [prev in thread] [next in thread]
Configure |
About |
News |
Add a list |
Sponsored by KoreLogic