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List: postgresql-announce
Subject: PostgreSQL 16 Released!
From: PostgreSQL Global Development Group <announce-noreply () postgresql ! org>
Date: 2023-09-14 13:06:36
Message-ID: 169469679674.2433967.9691300024283158155 () wrigleys ! postgresql ! org
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September 14, 2023 - The PostgreSQL Global Development Group today announced the
release of PostgreSQL 16, the latest version of the world's most advanced open
source database.
[PostgreSQL 16](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/16/release-16.html) raises its
performance, with notable improvements to query parallelism, bulk data loading,
and logical replication. There are many features in this release for developers
and administrators alike, including more SQL/JSON syntax, new monitoring stats
for your workloads, and greater flexibility in defining access control rules for
management of policies across large fleets.
"As relational database patterns evolve, PostgreSQL continues to make
performance gains in searching and managing data at scale," said Dave Page, a
PostgreSQL Core Team member. "PostgreSQL 16 gives users more methods to scale-up
and scale-out their workloads, while giving them new ways to gain insights and
optimize how they manage their data."
PostgreSQL, an innovative data management system known for its reliability and
robustness, benefits from over 25 years of open source development from a global
developer community and has become the preferred open source relational database
for organizations of all sizes.
### Performance Improvements
PostgreSQL 16 improves the performance of existing PostgreSQL functionality
through new query planner optimizations. In this latest release, the
[query planner can parallelize](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/16/parallel-query.html)
`FULL` and `RIGHT`
[joins](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/16/queries-table-expressions.html#QUERIES-JOIN),
generate better optimized plans for queries that use
[aggregate functions](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/16/functions-aggregate.html)
with a `DISTINCT` or `ORDER BY` clause, utilize incremental sorts for
[`SELECT DISTINCT`](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/16/queries-select-lists.html#QUERIES-DISTINCT)
queries, and optimize
[window functions](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/16/sql-expressions.html#SYNTAX-WINDOW-FUNCTIONS)
so they execute more efficiently. It also improves `RIGHT` and `OUTER`
"anti-joins", which enables users to identify rows not present in a joined
table.
This release includes improvements for bulk loading using
[`COPY`](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/16/sql-copy.html) in both single
and concurrent operations, with tests showing up to a 300% performance
improvement in some cases. PostgreSQL 16 adds support for
[load balancing](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/16/libpq-connect.html#LIBPQ-CONNECT-LOAD-BALANCE-HOSTS)
in clients that use `libpq`, and improvements to vacuum strategy that reduce the
necessity of full-table freezes. Additionally, PostgreSQL 16 introduces CPU
acceleration using `SIMD` in both x86 and ARM architectures, resulting in
performance gains when processing ASCII and JSON strings, and performing array
and subtransaction searches.
### Logical replication
[Logical replication](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/16/logical-replication.html)
lets users stream data to other PostgreSQL instances or subscribers that can
interpret the PostgreSQL logical replication protocol. In PostgreSQL 16, users
can perform logical replication from a standby instance, meaning a standby can
publish logical changes to other servers. This provides developers with new
workload distribution options, for example, using a standby rather than the
busier primary to logically replicate changes to downstream systems.
Additionally, there are several performance improvements in PostgreSQL 16 to
logical replication. Subscribers can now apply large transactions using parallel
workers. For tables that do not have a [primary \
key](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/16/ddl-constraints.html#DDL-CONSTRAINTS-PRIMARY-KEYS), \
subscribers can use B-tree indexes instead of sequential scans to find rows. Under \
certain conditions, users can also speed up initial table synchronization using the \
binary format.
There are several access control improvements to logical replication in
PostgreSQL 16, including the new
[predefined role](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/16/predefined-roles.html)
`pg_create_subscription`, which grants users the ability to create new logical
subscriptions. Finally, this release begins adding support for bidirectional
logical replication, introducing functionality to replicate data between two
tables from different publishers.
### Developer Experience
PostgreSQL 16 adds more syntax from the
[SQL/JSON](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/16/functions-json.html) standard,
including constructors and predicates such as `JSON_ARRAY()`, `JSON_ARRAYAGG()`,
and `IS JSON`. This release also introduces the ability to use underscores for
thousands separators (e.g. `5_432_000`) and non-decimal integer literals, such
as `0x1538`, `0o12470`, and `0b1010100111000`.
Developers using PostgreSQL 16 also benefit from new commands in `psql`. This
includes
[`\bind`](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/16/app-psql.html#APP-PSQL-META-COMMAND-BIND),
which allows users to prepare parameterized queries and use `\bind` to
substitute the variables (e.g `SELECT $1::int + $2::int \bind 1 2 \g `).
PostgreSQL 16 improves general support for
[text collations](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/16/collation.html), which
provide rules for how text is sorted. PostgreSQL 16 builds with ICU support by
default, determines the default ICU locale from the environment, and allows
users to define custom ICU collation rules.
### Monitoring
A key aspect of tuning the performance of database workloads is understanding
the impact of your I/O operations on your system. PostgreSQL 16 introduces
[`pg_stat_io`](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/16/monitoring-stats.html#MONITORING-PG-STAT-IO-VIEW),
a new source of key I/O metrics for granular analysis of I/O access patterns.
Additionally, this release adds a new field to the
[`pg_stat_all_tables`](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/16/monitoring-stats.html#MONITORING-PG-STAT-ALL-TABLES-VIEW)
view that records a timestamp representing when a table or index was last
scanned. PostgreSQL 16 also makes
[`auto_explain`](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/16/auto-explain.html) more
readable by logging values passed into parameterized statements, and improves
the accuracy of the query tracking algorithm used by
[`pg_stat_statements`](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/16/pgstatstatements.html)
and [`pg_stat_activity`](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/16/monitoring-stats.html#MONITORING-PG-STAT-ACTIVITY-VIEW).
### Access Control & Security
PostgreSQL 16 provides finer-grained options for access control and enhances
other security features. The release improves management of
[`pg_hba.conf`](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/16/auth-pg-hba-conf.html) and
[`pg_ident.conf`](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/16/auth-username-maps.html)
files, including allowing regular expression matching for user and database
names and `include` directives for external configuration files.
This release adds several security-oriented client connection parameters,
including `require_auth`, which allows clients to specify which authentication
parameters they are willing to accept from a server, and
[`sslrootcert="system"`](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/16/libpq-connect.html#LIBPQ-CONNECT-SSLROOTCERT),
which indicates that PostgreSQL should use the trusted certificate authority
(CA) store provided by the client's operating system. Additionally, the release
adds support for Kerberos credential delegation, allowing extensions such as
[`postgres_fdw`](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/16/postgres-fdw.html) and
[`dblink`](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/16/dblink.html) to use authenticated
credentials to connect to trusted services.
### About PostgreSQL
[PostgreSQL](https://www.postgresql.org) is the world's most advanced open
source database, with a global community of thousands of users, contributors,
companies and organizations. Built on over 35 years of engineering, starting at
the University of California, Berkeley, PostgreSQL has continued with an
unmatched pace of development. PostgreSQL's mature feature set not only matches
top proprietary database systems, but exceeds them in advanced database
features, extensibility, security, and stability.
### Links
* [Download](https://www.postgresql.org/download/)
* [Release Notes](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/16/release-16.html)
* [Press Kit & Translations](https://www.postgresql.org/about/press/)
* [Security Page](https://www.postgresql.org/support/security/)
* [Versioning Policy](https://www.postgresql.org/support/versioning/)
* [Follow @postgresql](https://twitter.com/postgresql)
* [Donate](https://www.postgresql.org/about/donate/)
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<img alt="PostgreSQL logo" height="50" src="cid:slonik.png" style="float: left" \
width="50"/> <img alt="PostgreSQL logo" height="50" src="cid:slonik.png" \
style="float: right" width="50"/> <h1 style="color: #000; font-family: sans-serif; \
line-height: 1.4; margin: 0; margin-bottom: 30px; font-size: 25px; font-weight: 300; \
text-align: center">PostgreSQL 16 Released!</h1> </div>
<p style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0; \
margin-bottom: 15px">September 14, 2023 - The PostgreSQL Global Development Group \
today announced the release of PostgreSQL 16, the latest version of the world's most \
advanced open source database.</p>
<p style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0; \
margin-bottom: 15px"><a href="https://www.postgresql.org/docs/16/release-16.html" \
style="color: #3498db; text-decoration: underline">PostgreSQL 16</a> raises its \
performance, with notable improvements to query parallelism, bulk data loading, and \
logical replication. There are many features in this release for developers and \
administrators alike, including more SQL/JSON syntax, new monitoring stats for your \
workloads, and greater flexibility in defining access control rules for management of \
policies across large fleets.</p> <p style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; \
font-weight: normal; margin: 0; margin-bottom: 15px">"As relational database patterns \
evolve, PostgreSQL continues to make performance gains in searching and managing data \
at scale," said Dave Page, a PostgreSQL Core Team member. "PostgreSQL 16 gives users \
more methods to scale-up and scale-out their workloads, while giving them new ways to \
gain insights and optimize how they manage their data."</p>
<p style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0; \
margin-bottom: 15px">PostgreSQL, an innovative data management system known for its \
reliability and robustness, benefits from over 25 years of open source development \
from a global developer community and has become the preferred open source relational \
database for organizations of all sizes.</p>
<h3 style="color: #000; font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.4; \
margin: 0; margin-bottom: 30px">Performance Improvements</h3> <p style="font-family: \
sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0; margin-bottom: \
15px">PostgreSQL 16 improves the performance of existing PostgreSQL functionality \
through new query planner optimizations. In this latest release, the <a \
href="https://www.postgresql.org/docs/16/parallel-query.html" style="color: #3498db; \
text-decoration: underline">query planner can parallelize</a> <code>FULL</code> and \
<code>RIGHT</code> <a \
href="https://www.postgresql.org/docs/16/queries-table-expressions.html#QUERIES-JOIN" \
style="color: #3498db; text-decoration: underline">joins</a>, generate better \
optimized plans for queries that use <a \
href="https://www.postgresql.org/docs/16/functions-aggregate.html" style="color: \
#3498db; text-decoration: underline">aggregate functions</a> with a \
<code>DISTINCT</code> or <code>ORDER BY</code> clause, utilize incremental sorts for \
<a href="https://www.postgresql.org/docs/16/queries-select-lists.html#QUERIES-DISTINCT" \
style="color: #3498db; text-decoration: underline"><code>SELECT DISTINCT</code></a> \
queries, and optimize <a \
href="https://www.postgresql.org/docs/16/sql-expressions.html#SYNTAX-WINDOW-FUNCTIONS" \
style="color: #3498db; text-decoration: underline">window functions</a> so they \
execute more efficiently. It also improves <code>RIGHT</code> and <code>OUTER</code> \
"anti-joins", which enables users to identify rows not present in a joined table.</p>
<p style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0; \
margin-bottom: 15px">This release includes improvements for bulk loading using <a \
href="https://www.postgresql.org/docs/16/sql-copy.html" style="color: #3498db; \
text-decoration: underline"><code>COPY</code></a> in both single and concurrent \
operations, with tests showing up to a 300% performance improvement in some cases. \
PostgreSQL 16 adds support for <a \
href="https://www.postgresql.org/docs/16/libpq-connect.html#LIBPQ-CONNECT-LOAD-BALANCE-HOSTS" \
style="color: #3498db; text-decoration: underline">load balancing</a> in clients that \
use <code>libpq</code>, and improvements to vacuum strategy that reduce the necessity \
of full-table freezes. Additionally, PostgreSQL 16 introduces CPU acceleration using \
<code>SIMD</code> in both x86 and ARM architectures, resulting in performance gains \
when processing ASCII and JSON strings, and performing array and subtransaction \
searches.</p> <h3 style="color: #000; font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: 400; \
line-height: 1.4; margin: 0; margin-bottom: 30px">Logical replication</h3> <p \
style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0; \
margin-bottom: 15px"><a \
href="https://www.postgresql.org/docs/16/logical-replication.html" style="color: \
#3498db; text-decoration: underline">Logical replication</a> lets users stream data \
to other PostgreSQL instances or subscribers that can interpret the PostgreSQL \
logical replication protocol. In PostgreSQL 16, users can perform logical replication \
from a standby instance, meaning a standby can publish logical changes to other \
servers. This provides developers with new workload distribution options, for \
example, using a standby rather than the busier primary to logically replicate \
changes to downstream systems.</p> <p style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: \
14px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0; margin-bottom: 15px">Additionally, there are \
several performance improvements in PostgreSQL 16 to logical replication. Subscribers \
can now apply large transactions using parallel workers. For tables that do not have \
a <a href="https://www.postgresql.org/docs/16/ddl-constraints.html#DDL-CONSTRAINTS-PRIMARY-KEYS" \
style="color: #3498db; text-decoration: underline">primary key</a>, subscribers can \
use B-tree indexes instead of sequential scans to find rows. Under certain \
conditions, users can also speed up initial table synchronization using the binary \
format.</p> <p style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; \
margin: 0; margin-bottom: 15px">There are several access control improvements to \
logical replication in PostgreSQL 16, including the new
<a href="https://www.postgresql.org/docs/16/predefined-roles.html" style="color: \
#3498db; text-decoration: underline">predefined role</a> \
<code>pg_create_subscription</code>, which grants users the ability to create new \
logical subscriptions. Finally, this release begins adding support for bidirectional
logical replication, introducing functionality to replicate data between two
tables from different publishers.</p>
<h3 style="color: #000; font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.4; \
margin: 0; margin-bottom: 30px">Developer Experience</h3> <p style="font-family: \
sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0; margin-bottom: \
15px">PostgreSQL 16 adds more syntax from the <a \
href="https://www.postgresql.org/docs/16/functions-json.html" style="color: #3498db; \
text-decoration: underline">SQL/JSON</a> standard, including constructors and \
predicates such as <code>JSON_ARRAY()</code>, <code>JSON_ARRAYAGG()</code>, and \
<code>IS JSON</code>. This release also introduces the ability to use underscores for \
thousands separators (e.g. <code>5_432_000</code>) and non-decimal integer literals, \
such as <code>0x1538</code>, <code>0o12470</code>, and \
<code>0b1010100111000</code>.</p> <p style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; \
font-weight: normal; margin: 0; margin-bottom: 15px">Developers using PostgreSQL 16 \
also benefit from new commands in <code>psql</code>. This includes
<a href="https://www.postgresql.org/docs/16/app-psql.html#APP-PSQL-META-COMMAND-BIND" \
style="color: #3498db; text-decoration: underline"><code>\bind</code></a>, which \
allows users to prepare parameterized queries and use <code>\bind</code> to \
substitute the variables (e.g <code>SELECT $1::int + $2::int \bind 1 2 \g</code>). \
</p> <p style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; margin: \
0; margin-bottom: 15px">PostgreSQL 16 improves general support for <a \
href="https://www.postgresql.org/docs/16/collation.html" style="color: #3498db; \
text-decoration: underline">text collations</a>, which provide rules for how text is \
sorted. PostgreSQL 16 builds with ICU support by default, determines the default ICU \
locale from the environment, and allows users to define custom ICU collation \
rules.</p> <h3 style="color: #000; font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: 400; \
line-height: 1.4; margin: 0; margin-bottom: 30px">Monitoring</h3> <p \
style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0; \
margin-bottom: 15px">A key aspect of tuning the performance of database workloads is \
understanding the impact of your I/O operations on your system. PostgreSQL 16 \
introduces <a href="https://www.postgresql.org/docs/16/monitoring-stats.html#MONITORING-PG-STAT-IO-VIEW" \
style="color: #3498db; text-decoration: underline"><code>pg_stat_io</code></a>, a new \
source of key I/O metrics for granular analysis of I/O access patterns.</p> <p \
style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0; \
margin-bottom: 15px">Additionally, this release adds a new field to the <a \
href="https://www.postgresql.org/docs/16/monitoring-stats.html#MONITORING-PG-STAT-ALL-TABLES-VIEW" \
style="color: #3498db; text-decoration: \
underline"><code>pg_stat_all_tables</code></a> view that records a timestamp \
representing when a table or index was last scanned. PostgreSQL 16 also makes
<a href="https://www.postgresql.org/docs/16/auto-explain.html" style="color: #3498db; \
text-decoration: underline"><code>auto_explain</code></a> more readable by logging \
values passed into parameterized statements, and improves the accuracy of the query \
tracking algorithm used by <a \
href="https://www.postgresql.org/docs/16/pgstatstatements.html" style="color: \
#3498db; text-decoration: underline"><code>pg_stat_statements</code></a> and <a \
href="https://www.postgresql.org/docs/16/monitoring-stats.html#MONITORING-PG-STAT-ACTIVITY-VIEW" \
style="color: #3498db; text-decoration: \
underline"><code>pg_stat_activity</code></a>.</p> <h3 style="color: #000; \
font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.4; margin: 0; \
margin-bottom: 30px">Access Control & Security</h3> <p style="font-family: \
sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0; margin-bottom: \
15px">PostgreSQL 16 provides finer-grained options for access control and enhances \
other security features. The release improves management of <a \
href="https://www.postgresql.org/docs/16/auth-pg-hba-conf.html" style="color: \
#3498db; text-decoration: underline"><code>pg_hba.conf</code></a> and <a \
href="https://www.postgresql.org/docs/16/auth-username-maps.html" style="color: \
#3498db; text-decoration: underline"><code>pg_ident.conf</code></a> files, including \
allowing regular expression matching for user and database names and \
<code>include</code> directives for external configuration files.</p> <p \
style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0; \
margin-bottom: 15px">This release adds several security-oriented client connection \
parameters, including <code>require_auth</code>, which allows clients to specify \
which authentication parameters they are willing to accept from a server, and
<a href="https://www.postgresql.org/docs/16/libpq-connect.html#LIBPQ-CONNECT-SSLROOTCERT" \
style="color: #3498db; text-decoration: \
underline"><code>sslrootcert="system"</code></a>, which indicates that PostgreSQL \
should use the trusted certificate authority (CA) store provided by the client's \
operating system. Additionally, the release adds support for Kerberos credential \
delegation, allowing extensions such as <a \
href="https://www.postgresql.org/docs/16/postgres-fdw.html" style="color: #3498db; \
text-decoration: underline"><code>postgres_fdw</code></a> and <a \
href="https://www.postgresql.org/docs/16/dblink.html" style="color: #3498db; \
text-decoration: underline"><code>dblink</code></a> to use authenticated credentials \
to connect to trusted services.</p> <h3 style="color: #000; font-family: sans-serif; \
font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.4; margin: 0; margin-bottom: 30px">About \
PostgreSQL</h3> <p style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: \
normal; margin: 0; margin-bottom: 15px"><a href="https://www.postgresql.org" \
style="color: #3498db; text-decoration: underline">PostgreSQL</a> is the world's most \
advanced open source database, with a global community of thousands of users, \
contributors, companies and organizations. Built on over 35 years of engineering, \
starting at the University of California, Berkeley, PostgreSQL has continued with an
unmatched pace of development. PostgreSQL's mature feature set not only matches
top proprietary database systems, but exceeds them in advanced database
features, extensibility, security, and stability.</p>
<h3 style="color: #000; font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.4; \
margin: 0; margin-bottom: 30px">Links</h3> <ul style="font-family: sans-serif; \
font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0; margin-bottom: 15px"> <li \
style="list-style-position: inside; margin-left: 5px"><a \
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